Sodium benzoate is produced by the neutralization of benzoic acid with sodium hydroxide 14). Peroxides are reaction intermediates. Skp 10a 16. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) has evaluated benzoic acid and its salts as food additives on a number of occasions. The European Food Safety Authority Panel noted that the available carcinogenicity studies on benzoic acid and its salts did not indicate any carcinogenic potential, although they were not conducted in accordance with current test guidelines and had deficiencies both in terms of design and reporting. Benzoic acid helps prevent bacteria from developing infections. Other uses for benzoic acid and its salts include regulated use as food preservatives, most It is used as a medicine and in the manufacture of medicines. Therefore, specifications for the maximum level of aluminium in calcium benzoate may be required. According to Maki and Takeda 13), benzoic acid is produced, worldwide, by liquid-phase oxidation of toluene with molecular oxygen. The European Food Safety Authority Panel has evaluated benzoic acid as a supporting substance in its opinion on benzyl alcohols, benzaldehydes, a related acetal, benzoic acids and related esters from chemical group 23 and 30 26), in which it was concluded on the basis of the default maximized survey-derived daily intake approach that these substances would not give rise to safety concerns at the estimated levels of intake arising from their use as flavoring substances. Benzoic acid as a biocide (a chemical substance that destroys any harmful organism) was evaluated by Germany 27) and is permitted for this use according to EU Commission Implementing Regulation 1035/2013 28). Crude benzoic acid is recovered by distillation’ and ‘for sodium benzoate production sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) is added to benzoic acid’. WHO Food Additives Series 37. WHO, Geneva. The Panel concluded that from the use of benzoic acid-benzoates as food additives from direct addition to food, the group ADI was exceeded in the brand-loyal scenario for toddlers and children consuming on a regular basis flavored drinks. December 2013. SCCNFP/0532/01 final. Benzoic acid is non-toxic and stable under ordinary conditions. Cranberries contain as much as 300-1300 mg free benzoic acid per kg fruit 1). The exposure estimates in the regulatory maximum level exposure assessment scenario exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 5 mg/kg body weight per day for all population groups at the high levels and for toddlers and children also at the mean level. Benzoic acid is frequently used at levels of 0.05 to 0.1 percent in conjunction with sorbic acid. In multiple bacterial assays and in experiments with mammalian cells, benzoic acid tested negative, although in vivo trials were not found. It is used in the manufacture of dyes called aniline blue. Benzoic acid occurs naturally free and bound as benzoic acid esters in many plant and animal species. Air is the source of oxygen in this free radical reaction. enable_page_level_ads: true Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. SCCP (Scientific Committee on Consumer Products), 2005. EC (European Commission), 2003. Reaction by-products include benzaldehyde, acetic acid, formic acid and benzyl alcohol. WHO Food Additives Series, 48. Aktualisierte FAQ des BfR vom 16. Dietary exposure through this latter scenario was assessed using two sets of concentration data: reported use levels and analytical data not exceeding the maximum permitted levels for food categories for which direct addition of benzoic acid-benzoates is authorized; and reported use levels and analytical data not exceeding the maximum permitted levels for food categories for which direct addition of benzoic acid-benzoates is authorized and analytical data for food categories which may contain benzoic acid benzoates due to carry-over and for which data were available. In its opinion on the re-evaluation of calcium carbonate (E 170) as a food additive 16), the European Food Safety Authority Panel noted that limestone may contain aluminium at concentrations up to 190 mg/kg. The European Food Safety Authority Panel noted the conclusions of the SCF 32) and JECFA 33), that there is evidence of a common and rapid route of metabolism of the salts of benzoic acid and the three benzyl derivatives benzyl alcohol, benzyl acetate and benzaldehyde to benzoic acid and subsequently to hippuric acid. The chemical reaction is catalysed by metal ions, which are present at low concentrations in drinking water. Maki T and Takeda K, 2000. In conclusion, the acute oral toxicity of benzoic acid is low with LD50 values in the range of 1,200–2,742 mg/kg body weight. Benzoic acid has a long history of use as an antifungal agent in topical therapeutic preparations such as Whitfield’s ointment (benzoic acid 6% and salicylic acid 3%) 2. EFSA Journal 2011;9(7):2318, 73 pp. It is used in various ways, like manufacturing of insect repellents, below are some uses of benzoic acid in our life. 1,710 uses benzoic acid products are offered for sale by suppliers on Alibaba.com, of which preservatives accounts for 3%, food additives accounts for 2%, and acidity regulators accounts for 1%. For children and adolescents, the main contributing food categories were confectionary, flavored drinks and processed fish and fishery products; while, for adults and the elderly, the main contributing food categories were processed fruit and vegetables and sauces. Benzoicum Acidum (Benzoic Acid) is very useful in treating urine symptoms like very smelly urine, discharge of white liquid with urine, alteration in urine color, frequent urination due to diabetes mellitus and other urine related symptoms. BAuA (Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health), 2011. Opinion on benzoic acid and its salts. Nsc 6646 15. Benzoic acid is a common ingredient in many common household items. In a developmental toxicity study in rats with benzoic acid by gavage, a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 160 mg benzoic acid/kg body per day was observed for maternal and developmental toxicity The developmental toxicity studies in rats with sodium benzoate in the diet showed a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 500 mg/kg body weight per day comparable to the NOAEL of the dietary four-generation reproductive toxicity in rats with benzoic acid. The findings may thus be relevant for specific individuals within the population, showing sensitivity to food additives in general or to food colors in particular 24). Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives reviewed benzoic acid as a flavoring substance at its 59th meeting, as one of a group of benzyl derivatives, at which the group ADI of 0–5 mg/kg body weight for benzoic acid and related compounds was reconfirmed 25). 2005;43:329–334. The body is aided by salicylic acid to shed rough or dead skin cells. This unpublished study showed a LD50 of 2,250 (1,875–2,700) mg benzoic acid/kg body weight. The European Food Safety Authority Panel considered that the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of calcium benzoate will be similar to sodium or potassium salt and, therefore, read-across between the salts was possible. 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Benzoic acid and its calcium, potassium and sodium salts. This unpublished study showed a LD50 for males of 2,742 mg benzoic acid/kg body weight and for females of 2,565 mg benzoic acid/kg body weight. Scientific Opinion on re-evaluation of calcium carbonate (E 170) as a food additive. Food Control. Used in toothpaste, jam, beverages, poultry, agriculture, perfume, dye etc. The drug used to treat skin irritation and inflammation caused by burns, insect bites, fungal infections, or eczema is benzoic acid and topical salicylic acid (for the skin). Acmc The issue was considered in the meetings of the Standing Committee of the Food Chain and Animal Health in July and December 2007 43), 44). O-benzoyl-benzoic Acid 32. Paint additives and coating additives avoid contact with eyes and other mucous membranes keep away from children do not take by mouth. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2994. EFSA Journal 2008;6(3):660, 54 pp. Hamzah HH, Yusof NA, Salleh AB, Bakar FA. Information on the stability of the salts of the benzoic acid in food is very limited, but the benzoate anion is chemically stable, and degradation in food or reactions with food components are not anticipated, with the exception of the reaction with ascorbic acid under certain conditions (see benzoic acid hazards below). EC (European Commission), 2007a. The European Food Safety Authority Panel noted that benzene is a genotoxic carcinogen classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) 47), that the World Health Organization (WHO) has derived a guideline value for benzene in drinking water of 10 μg/L 48), that according to the Council Directive 98/83/EC12 the maximum level of benzene in drinking water is 1 μg/L in the European Union and that the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment considered that the concentration of benzene in beverages should be as low as reasonably achievable 49). Studies on benzene formation in beverages. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 2002. Benzoic acid Accession Number DB03793 Description A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. 1–48. Benzoic acid is also produced when gut bacteria process polyphenols (from ingested fruits or beverages). BfR (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung [Federal Institute for Risk Assessment]), 2013. Benzoic acid is an aromatic carboxylic acid, a fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. 0.2 MPa with a cobalt naphthenate catalyst (0.1%). It is commonly used as PH adjuster and also controls the growth of microbes as a preservative. JECFA has additionally reviewed benzoic acid as a flavoring substance. sodiuam benzoate is used in preservation of … The maximum permitted concentrations of benzoic acid in each type of food are controlled by legislation. 2.2 Identified uses Benzoic acid is used as bactericide, viricide and fungicide. Benzoic acid is an aromatic carboxylic acid naturally present in plant and animal tissues, which can also be produced by microorganisms. Hills DJ, 1975. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 1996. SCCP/0891/05. Benzoic acid is authorized as technological feed additive (acidity regulator) for pigs for fattening (10,000 mg/kg), as zootechnical additive for weaned piglets (5,000 mg/kg) and pigs for fattening (10,000 mg/kg) and as a chemically defined flavoring (125 mg/kg) 21). Biotechnol. http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0001870, Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of benzoic acid (E 210), sodium benzoate (E 211), potassium benzoate (E 212) and calcium benzoate (E 213) as food additives. Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of benzoic acid as feed additive for pigs for fattening when used as acidity regulator and all animal species when used as a flavouring. Benzoic acid is purified by rectification. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. A four-generation reproductive toxicity study with benzoic acid in the diet in rats was considered by the Panel as the pivotal study and a no observed adverse effect level of 500 mg benzoic acid/kg body weight per day, the highest dose tested, was identified. A wide variety of uses benzoic acid options are available to you, such as preservatives, antioxidants, and nutrition enhancers. It helps in the prevention of bacterial infection. Benzoic acid, its salts and esters are used as preservatives (up to 0.5 %, calculated as acid) and currently as disinfectants (up to 2.5 %, calculated as acid) in cosmetic products. The bottom residue is extracted to recover the cobalt catalyst. Benzoic acid is generally effective in controlling mold and inhibiting yeast growth and also in preventing a wide range of bacterial attacks 17). In a typical modern process, the oxidation is conducted at 165 °C and 0.9 MPa. An optical test strip for the detection of benzoic acid in food. Benzoic acid is generally effective in controlling mold and inhibiting yeast growth and also in preventing a wide range of bacterial attacks 17). McCann D, Barrett A, Cooper A, Crumpler D, Dalen L, Grimshaw K, Kitchin E, Lok K, Porteous L, Prince E, Sonuga-Barke E, Warner JO and Stevenson J, 2007. The purity of toluene is critical because sulphur compounds, nitrogen compounds, phenols and olefins inhibit the oxidation reaction. Journal of AOAC International, 76, 1213–1219. Benzoic acid and a wide range of derivatives and related benzenic compounds, such as salts, alkyl esters, parabens, benzyl Sensors (Basel). Your email address will not be published. Benzoic acid (C7H6O2) was first described in the 16th century. Benzoic acid preservative prevents or delays Appreciable amounts have been found in most berries (around 0. Sublimation, recrystallisation and neutralization processes have been proposed. 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